The growing EV trend in Ghana and why we should take it seriously

If you’ve been driving around lately, you’ve probably noticed a new type of vehicle on the roads—quiet, smooth, and emitting no fumes. These are electric vehicles (EVs), which run on an electric battery instead of the usual combustion engine. EVs are becoming more common in Ghana, offering a cleaner, quieter, and more sustainable alternative to traditional cars.

For many people, owning an EV is a dream come true, especially with the potential to save on fuel costs. But the benefits of owning an electric vehicle go far beyond just saving money at the pump. 

The Ghana Electric Vehicles Baseline Survey Report, published by the Energy Commission in 2022, highlights the wider advantages of embracing electric mobility.

This report is the most comprehensive and up-to-date research on EV adoption in Ghana, providing valuable insights into where the industry stands today and where it’s headed in the future. By taking a closer look at the findings, we can get a clearer picture of the role electric vehicles will play in shaping the future of transportation in Ghana.

Its goal is to guide both the public and private sectors in creating the right conditions for EV adoption, all while supporting Ghana’s ambitious goal of fully transitioning to electric road and rail transportation by 2070. Yes, you read that right—by 2070! I think it must be done much sooner, like 2030.

I’ll break down some of the most important takeaways from the report and offer my personal thoughts on what they mean for the future of electric vehicles in Ghana and in the end highlight one thing I think the report should have included.

1. Objectives and Scope

The report aims to provide a clear picture of Ghana’s EV sector through:

1. Analysis of global and local EV developments
2. Cost of ownership assessments
3. Emission reduction potential
4. Field studies on public perceptions
5. The impact of EV adoption on Ghana’s national electricity grid.

The study focuses on Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and electric two- and three-wheelers (E2&3W), which are expected to dominate Ghana’s initial market transition to e-mobility.

2. Current State of EV Adoption in Ghana

EV Imports: Between 2017 and 2021, Ghana imported approximately 17,660 plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), with the majority of them coming from China. A significant portion—91.5% (16,147)—were hybrids, while Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) accounted for just 5.1% (900) of the total imports.

My thoughts: I wouldn’t be surprised if this number has already doubled in recent years. The increasing availability of affordable Chinese models has made EVs more accessible, and this trend is likely driving greater adoption. 

As these cost-effective options become more prevalent, we can expect the number of electric vehicles on the road to continue to rise, making a noticeable impact on the EV landscape in Ghana.

 

Cost of Ownership: The report highlights that, without subsidies, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) have a higher cost per mile compared to Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), with cost parity being reached only after about 12 years. This extended timeframe is attributed to factors like high initial costs, taxes, and limited financing options. However, the report suggests that measures such as waiving import tariffs or offering lower borrowing rates could shorten this period considerably.

My thoughts: While this may have been the case when the report was written, the landscape has likely changed since then. Fuel prices have risen, which increases the running costs of traditional ICEVs, making them less competitive.

At the same time, the price of EVs has dropped, and more affordable models from various competitors are entering the Ghanaian market. These shifts have likely made the financial case for owning an EV even more compelling, potentially shortening the time it takes for BEVs to reach cost parity with ICEVs. However, this can easily be solved through government policy.

 

Charging Infrastructure: At the time of the report, Ghana had only four public Level 2 charging stations, all in Accra, and no DC fast-charging stations. The limited charging infrastructure was identified as a major barrier to EV adoption, with range anxiety being a key concern for consumers. Expanding this network, particularly by adding strategically placed fast-charging stations, is crucial for broader EV uptake.

My thoughts: I believe there needs to be a fundamental shift in the way we think about charging EVs. Unlike traditional fuel-powered vehicles, EVs are not meant to be “refuelled” on the go at public stations when the battery runs low. 

Instead, the goal should be to charge the vehicle before you drive, similar to how we plan our stops for fuel-powered cars. EV owners should adapt by thinking ahead about their travel routes and planning their charging stops, ensuring that they have enough charge for the journey. The average EV owner drives less than 100km in a day so a full charge should last for about 2-4 trips depending on the EV.

Currently, there are about 10 public EV chargers in Accra which include fast chargers. This is a step forward but also presents some challenges. Most of these chargers are single units that can only charge one or two vehicles at a time.

This limitation could explain why many EV owners don’t rely on public chargers. A full charge using a fast charger takes about 30-60 minutes, which is time-consuming, and these stations simply can’t serve the growing number of over 20,000 EVs (estimated) in Ghana. Fortunately, electricity is widely available, so many owners choose to charge their vehicles at home.

When considering EV infrastructure in Africa, we should rethink the location of charging stations. Rather than placing them on busy streets, charging stations should be situated in commercial building parking lots, malls, restaurants, lecture halls, markets, gated communities, apartment complexes, football parks and stadiums, churches, and other places where people tend to spend more time. These locations make sense because they allow EV owners to charge while they’re engaged in other activities, making the charging process more convenient and efficient.

Additionally, many EV providers now offer home charging stations as part of their packages. This adds an extra layer of convenience, ensuring that owners have reliable access to charging without the need to depend on public infrastructure.

Ultimately, the future of EV adoption in Ghana will depend not just on the expansion of charging infrastructure but on creating a mindset shift that helps owners embrace the new approach to vehicle charging.

3. Field Survey Findings

Awareness and Attitudes: The survey conducted across eight regional capitals found that 89% of the 605 respondents were aware of electric vehicles (EVs), and of those, 86% expressed interest in purchasing one—provided that affordable models, accessible maintenance, and financial savings on fuel were available.

My thoughts: Interestingly, EVs are known for having fewer mechanical issues compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles. This is a significant advantage, as they generally require less maintenance. However, if any issues do arise, there are service centres in Accra equipped to handle EV-specific repairs. 

In fact, many EV suppliers also offer their own servicing units, ensuring that owners have access to reliable support when needed.

With growing awareness and interest in EVs, alongside the assurance of maintenance availability, the case for owning an electric vehicle in Ghana continues to become more attractive. If affordable options and service infrastructure continue to expand, we could see even more people making the switch to electric mobility.

 

Demographics: The survey reveals that interest in electric vehicles (EVs) is notably higher among individuals who are well-educated and environmentally conscious. This group tends to recognize the benefits of reducing their carbon footprint and is more inclined to embrace alternative forms of transportation. 

Interestingly, a significant portion of potential EV owners expressed a preference for hybrid models over fully electric ones. This preference may stem from the hybrid’s ability to offer a combination of the environmental benefits of electric power with the convenience and range of a traditional combustion engine. For many, this seems like a more practical transition, offering a balance between sustainability and familiarity. 

My thoughts: As education and environmental awareness continue to grow, we can expect more people to shift toward EVs, whether fully electric or hybrid, as part of their commitment to greener, more sustainable living.

 

Purchase Considerations: Respondents in the survey identified several key factors influencing their decision to adopt electric vehicles (EVs), including the availability of spare parts, maintenance infrastructure, the upfront cost of EVs, and long-term savings on fuel.

My thoughts: One of the standout advantages of EVs is their simplicity when it comes to mechanical components. While a traditional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) can have nearly 2,000 moving parts in its engine, an electric vehicle typically has just about 20. This significant reduction in complexity means that EVs require far less maintenance. 

For EV owners, this translates into fewer trips to the workshop, resulting in less time and money spent on repairs and maintenance. 

So, while the initial cost may be higher, the long-term savings and reduced maintenance needs could make EVs an even more appealing option in the long run.

Preferred Brands and Models: Among potential electric vehicle (EV) buyers, popular choices include well-known brands like the Toyota Prius, Tesla models, and the Hyundai Kona EV. These brands are recognized for their reliability and performance, with the Toyota Prius offering a familiar hybrid option and Tesla and Hyundai Kona providing fully electric alternatives.

When it comes to pricing, most survey respondents expressed a willingness to spend between $20,000 and $30,000 on an EV. However, a significant portion also showed interest in models priced below $20,000, indicating a price-sensitive market. 

My thoughts: This reflects a key factor in EV adoption in Ghana, where affordability plays a crucial role in the decision-making process. As more affordable models become available, it’s likely that interest in EVs will continue to grow, making them more accessible to a wider audience.

4. Environmental and Grid Impact

Emission Reduction Potential: Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to make a significant impact on reducing emissions from the transport sector, which currently accounts for 11.11% of Ghana’s CO2 emissions. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are projected to cut CO2 emissions by up to 70% compared to traditional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). In addition to this impressive reduction in carbon emissions, BEVs also help decrease other harmful pollutants, including nitrogen and sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter.

My thoughts: The environmental benefits of EVs extend beyond just CO2 reductions. By switching to EVs, we can improve air quality, which in turn has a positive effect on public health. EVs are simply better for the environment and your well-being, making them a win-win choice for both individuals and the planet.

 

Fuel Savings: The shift to electric vehicles (EVs) could lead to a substantial decrease in Ghana’s fuel consumption. For example, replacing a compact Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) with a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) like the Hyundai Kona Electric could save approximately 516 gallons of gasoline annually. This reduction in fuel consumption has broader economic implications.

My thoughts: As more people adopt EVs, the country’s dependency on imported fuel would decrease, which could help lower the overall demand for fuel. A decrease in demand has the potential to drive down fuel prices, benefiting consumers and the economy. 

Additionally, less reliance on fossil fuels would also improve Ghana’s energy security and reduce the economic burden of fuel imports. Ultimately, the widespread adoption of EVs could help create a more sustainable and cost-effective future for Ghana.

 

Electricity Grid Implications: Ghana’s high electricity access rate of 87% and its excess generation capacity of 2,000 MW make it well-positioned to support the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, large-scale EV deployment will require careful management of the grid to avoid overloading, especially during peak demand periods. The report recommends conducting grid impact assessments and implementing smart charging solutions to mitigate these issues.

My thoughts: I agree that while Ghana is in a good position to support EV adoption, the government must prioritize improving the electricity supply to ensure long-term sustainability. As more people switch to EVs, the demand for electricity will rise, which could strain the grid. 

Moreover, this increased demand could lead to higher electricity rates, which might not be conducive to the widespread adoption of EVs. If electricity costs rise significantly, it could undermine the financial benefits of owning an EV, making it less attractive to consumers. Therefore, managing this transition effectively, by both improving infrastructure and controlling electricity rates, is essential for the successful proliferation of EVs in Ghana.

5. Key Barriers to EV Adoption

High Initial Costs and Tariffs: The high cost of electric vehicles (EVs) compared to traditional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) is a significant barrier to adoption, and this is made even worse by import tariffs. For instance, waiving the 20% import tariff on EVs could significantly reduce the time it takes for EVs to reach cost parity with ICEVs, making them more affordable for the average consumer.

My thoughts: Need I say more? Reducing the import duties on EVs would directly address one of the most pressing issues preventing more widespread adoption. It’s a simple but effective solution that could go a long way in making electric mobility accessible to more people in Ghana.

 

Limited Maintenance Infrastructure: Ghana currently has a limited number of EV-trained technicians, and only three dealerships offer servicing facilities for electric vehicles (EVs). Expanding training programs for technicians and incentivizing dealerships to provide EV maintenance services are crucial steps for ensuring the long-term growth and sustainability of the EV market in the country.

My thoughts: This creates an exciting job opportunity, especially for those with expertise in electrical engineering. Imagine a workshop with no oil stains—only clean, high-tech tools for maintaining and fixing electric vehicles. 

Technicians would be focusing on battery systems, electric drivetrains, and software updates rather than traditional engine repairs. It’s a clean, future-forward industry that combines technical expertise with the growing demand for sustainable solutions.

This shift not only offers new career opportunities but also plays a key role in supporting the EV ecosystem as it continues to grow in Ghana.

 

Charging Infrastructure Gaps: The limited number of charging stations, particularly fast-charging facilities, restricts consumer confidence in EVs. Public investment in charging stations, supported by private-sector partnerships, is necessary to build a robust charging network.

My thoughts: I addressed this earlier. We need charging stations at places where fuel stations can’t work and we need multiple chargers in one place. In high-traffic areas, the capacity to serve 100-200 vehicles per hour would be ideal, reducing waiting times and ensuring that EV owners can quickly and easily top up their batteries. 

This would go a long way in boosting consumer confidence in EVs and making them a more viable option for everyday transportation.

6. Action Plan for EV Integration

The report proposes an action plan to accelerate EV adoption in Ghana, including:

1. Developing regulatory frameworks for EV charging infrastructure
2. Expanding the charging station network across regions with a focus on fast-charging options
3. Conducting detailed grid impact assessments
4. Implementing financial incentives like duty waivers and lower borrowing rates for EV buyers
5. Establishing battery recycling and disposal strategies for long-term sustainability
6. Creating EV skills training programs to support an emerging workforce in EV servicing.

Africa can become an EV powerhouse

I think another thing they should add is the production of EV batteries right here in Ghana. The battery is, without a doubt, the most expensive component of an electric vehicle, and producing it locally could significantly reduce costs for both manufacturers and consumers.

Given that Ghana currently has approximately 200,000 metric tons of lithium reserves—an essential raw material for EV batteries—there is a huge opportunity to capitalize on this resource. By developing local lithium mining and battery production, Ghana could create a self-sustaining EV industry, reducing reliance on imports, and boosting the economy by adding value to its natural resources.

Here is a list of the top lithium producers globally, showing just how important this resource is in the EV market:

1. Bolivia – 23 million metric tons
2. Argentina – 22 million metric tons
3. Chile – 9.2 million metric tons
4. United States – 6.8 million metric tons
5. Australia – 6.3 million metric tons
6. China – 4.5 million metric tons
7. Germany – 3.2 million metric tons
8. Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – 3 million metric tons
9. Canada – 2.9 million metric tons
10. Mexico – 1.7 million metric tons
11. Czech Republic – 1.3 million metric tons
12. Serbia – 1.2 million metric tons
13. Russia – 1 million metric tons
14. Peru – 880,000 metric tons
15. Mali – 840,000 metric tons
16. Brazil – 730,000 metric tons
17. Zimbabwe – 690,000 metric tons
18. Spain – 320,000 metric tons
19. Portugal – 270,000 metric tons
20. Namibia – 230,000 metric tons

African countries already represent 20% of global lithium production, and this is just the tip of the iceberg. With more undiscovered reserves and the right collaborations, Africa has the opportunity to not only be a key supplier of raw materials but also to lead the world in lithium battery production, making the transition to electric vehicles a truly homegrown revolution.

The economic implications of this shift are profound. Local production of EVs and batteries would drastically reduce costs, making electric vehicles more affordable for ordinary people. This, in turn, would help reduce transportation costs and put the power of mobility back into the hands of the people. 

The possibilities are endless, especially in industries like agriculture and logistics. Imagine a scenario where transporting goods like tomatoes from rural areas to urban markets is done at a fraction of the current cost. This would not only improve food security but also reduce food wastage and make markets more accessible to farmers.

Furthermore, the idea of electric trucks—large, heavy-duty vehicles capable of carrying big loads without the frequent breakdowns that plague traditional diesel-powered trucks—could revolutionize Africa’s supply chain. 

And when you combine this with the abundance of solar energy across the continent, you create the potential for practically free, sustainable transportation. This isn’t just a futuristic dream—it’s a feasible reality within reach if we invest in the right infrastructure and mindset.

We need to shift the narrative. The perception that electric vehicles are too advanced for Africa needs to change. In fact, this is exactly what Africa needs. The leap to electric mobility could be the catalyst for development across the continent. 

By focusing on production, harnessing our resources, and encouraging innovation within our own borders, Africa can avoid the pitfalls of being merely a consumer of foreign technologies. 

We don’t have to wait for external players like Elon Musk to build factories on African soil; we have everything we need to create our own EV and battery manufacturing plants, right here, using the resources found in our land.

The potential is immense, and the time for bold action is now. Africa can indeed become a powerhouse in the EV revolution, improving the quality of life for its people and driving sustainable growth. It’s possible, and it starts with us taking those bold steps.